More frequent is partial secrecy, where the existence of the society is publicly acknowledged or even proclaimed, as was the case with the Ku Klux Klan in the United States after the American Civil War and again in the 1920s and throughout the civil rights era in the 1950s and ’60s. The explicitness involved may sometimes apply only to the members of the society, for secrecy may be so complete that even the existence of some societies is not revealed to outsiders revolutionary, heretical, and similarly subversive secret societies are cases in point. Moreover, admission to membership almost always involves the explicit obligation to preserve such secrecy, and penalties for its violation are likewise explicitly stated. These ends usually manifest the characteristic that differentiates a given secret society from all others that is to say, the ends are secret. Secret societies are, by their very nature, made up of persons presumably oriented toward similar ends. Structure and function of secret societies With all their diversity of type and origin, secret societies have certain characteristics of structure and function in common, and some of their ceremonies reveal surprising similarities. In many communities, such societies in the 21st century have continued to provide the principal means of members’ social and civic activities. These have been especially numerous in the United States and, in the later 19th century, attracted large numbers of immigrants who sought companionship and guidance among people who spoke their native language and followed their customs. Many modern secret societies were formed primarily for social and benevolent purposes and to carry out charitable and educational programs. Distrust of the fraternal order spread throughout New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, and the movement coalesced into the first significant third party in United States history. The 1826 disappearance of William Morgan, a New York bricklayer who had threatened to expose the secret teachings of the Freemasons, fueled the growth of the Anti-Masonic movement. Nevertheless, the Illuminati ran afoul of Bavarian authorities in 1785 the group was banned, and its members were imprisoned or driven from their homes. Adam Weishaupt’s Illuminati was something of a fad among Europe’s intellectual and political elite in the late 18th century, making it a rather attention-seeking entity for a “secret” society. Philip IV of France accused the knights of heretical and licentious practices, but these charges were entirely unfounded, and Philip seems to have acted largely out of a desire to seize the Templars’ vast wealth. Such claims were made against the Roman mystery cults and were used to justify the ruthless suppression of the Knights Templar in the early 14th century. The very existence of secret societies has often prompted antagonism and fostered accusations of immorality, subversion, and heresy. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.
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